Register File Specification

The register file module will be in the file lc4_regfile.v.:

`timescale 1ns / 1ps

module lc4_regfile(clk, gwe, rst, r1sel, r1data, r2sel, r2data, wsel, wdata, we);
   parameter n = 16;
   
   input clk, gwe, rst;
   input [2:0] r1sel, r2sel, wsel;
   
   input [n-1:0] wdata;
   input we;
   output [n-1:0] r1data, r2data;
   
   wire [n-1:0] r0out, r1out, r2out, r3out, r4out, r5out, r6out, r7out;

   /*** YOUR CODE HERE ***/

endmodule

In a given cycle, any two registers may be read and any register may be written. A register write occurs only when the we signal is high. If the same register is read and written in the same cycle, the old value will be read (not the new value being written).

Register File Schematic

First draw a detailed schematic (by hand or computerized) of the hardware design, including signal names, sub-modules, etc. Only once you have the design on paper in schematic form, then translate it directly to Verilog. That is, your Verilog should correspond to the schematic exactly.

Register File Implementation

You'll build the register file out of a N-bit parametrized register module provided for you, register.v:

`timescale 1ns / 1ps

/* A parameterized-width positive-edge-trigged register, with synchronous reset. 
   The value to take on after a reset is the 2nd parameter. */

module Nbit_reg(in, out, clk, we, gwe, rst);
   parameter n = 1;
   parameter r = 0;
   
   output [n-1:0] out;
   input [n-1:0]  in;   
   input          clk;
   input          we;
   input          gwe;
   input          rst;      

   reg [n-1:0] state;

   assign #(1) out = state;

   always @(posedge clk) 
     begin 
       if (gwe & rst) 
         state = r;
       else if (gwe & we) 
         state = in; 
     end
endmodule

Register File Testing

The testbench for the register file is test_lc4_regfile.tf and the input trace is test_lc4_regfile.input

LC4 Processor Module

The processor module is in the file lc4_single.v. Most of your code should go into this file, although you want to create and use auxiliary files for sub-modules like the register file, ALU, branch unit, and other modules.:

`timescale 1ns / 1ps

module lc4_processor(clk,
                     rst,
                     gwe,
                     imem_addr,
                     imem_out,
                     dmem_addr,
                     dmem_out,
                     dmem_we,
                     dmem_in,
                     test_stall,
                     test_pc,
                     test_insn,
                     test_regfile_we,
                     test_regfile_reg,
                     test_regfile_in,
                     test_nzp_we,
                     test_nzp_in,
                     test_dmem_we,
                     test_dmem_addr,
                     test_dmem_value,
                     switch_data,
                     seven_segment_data,
                     led_data
                     ); 
   
   input         clk;         // main clock
   input         rst;         // global reset
   input         gwe;         // global we for single-step clock
   
   output [15:0] imem_addr;   // Address to read from instruction memory
   input  [15:0] imem_out;    // Output of instruction memory
   output [15:0] dmem_addr;   // Address to read/write from/to data memory
   input  [15:0] dmem_out;    // Output of data memory
   output        dmem_we;     // Data memory write enable
   output [15:0] dmem_in;     // Value to write to data memory
   
   output [1:0]  test_stall;       // Testbench: is this is stall cycle? (don't compare the test values)
   output [15:0] test_pc;          // Testbench: program counter
   output [15:0] test_insn;        // Testbench: instruction bits
   output        test_regfile_we;  // Testbench: register file write enable
   output [2:0]  test_regfile_reg; // Testbench: which register to write in the register file 
   output [15:0] test_regfile_in;  // Testbench: value to write into the register file
   output        test_nzp_we;      // Testbench: NZP condition codes write enable
   output [2:0]  test_nzp_in;      // Testbench: value to write to NZP bits
   output        test_dmem_we;     // Testbench: data memory write enable
   output [15:0] test_dmem_addr;   // Testbench: address to read/write memory
   output [15:0] test_dmem_value;  // Testbench: value read/writen from/to memory
   
   input [7:0]   switch_data;
   output [15:0] seven_segment_data;
   output [7:0]  led_data;

   // PC
   wire [15:0]   pc;
   wire [15:0]   next_pc;

   Nbit_reg #(16, 16'h8200) pc_reg (.in(next_pc), .out(pc), .clk(clk), .we(1'b1), .gwe(gwe), .rst(rst));

   /*** YOUR CODE HERE ***/
   assign test_stall = 2'b0; // No stalling to report for single-cycle design

   // For in-simulator debugging, you can use code such as the code
   // below to display the value of signals at each clock cycle.
   
`ifdef DEBUG
   always @(posedge gwe) begin
      $display("%d %h %b %h", $time, pc, insn, alu_out_pre_mux);
   end
`endif

   // For on-board debugging, the LEDs and segment-segment display can
   // be configured to display useful information.  The below code
   // assigns the four hex digits of the seven-segment display to either
   // the PC or instruction, based on how the switches are set.
   
   assign seven_segment_data = (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd0) ? pc :
                               (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd1) ? imem_out :
                               (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd2) ? dmem_addr :
                               (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd3) ? dmem_out :
                               (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd4) ? dmem_in :
                               /*else*/ 16'hDEAD;
   assign led_data = switch_data;
   
endmodule

You will notice that the lc4_processor module has instruction and data memory signals declared in its external interface. The top module is lc4_system.v which instantiates the processor, memory, and devices, and interconnect them to each other and to the pins. In Xilinx, you must set lc4_system.v as the top module or else you will only synthesize the datapath and will not have a full working system.

The lc4_processor module in the lc4_single.v file also has extra outputs that begin with "test" that capture the changes to the processor state after each instruction. Your processor will work even if you don't connect these outputs to anything. As described below, they are provided to help you debug your code both in simulation (so that you can compare the values you have for these to values in a trace file genrated by PennSim.jar).

LC4 Processor Module Implementation

You have the freedom to implement the datapath and control any which way you want. All in all, the processor module should be at most 150-200 lines of Verilog.

Using Trace Simulation

A good way to debug your design is using behavioral simulation and comparison with a trace. The code/ subdirectory in the labfiles/ folder contains several .hex and .trace files. the .hex files are memory dumps of various programs. For example, house.hex is a memory dump of a small non-interactive program that draws the missile command houses on the screen and then exits. house.trace is a trace of that program created by PennSim.

A trace file is a text file containing one line per instruction executed, each with the same fields:

• pc. The PC of the instruction
• insn. The instruction bits themselves
• regfile_we. A bit that indicates if the instruction writes a register
• regfile_reg. The register written by the instruction (if the instruction writes a register)
• regfile_in. The value written to the register file (if the instruction writes a register)
• nzp_we. A bit that indicates if the instruction writes the condition codes (NZP)
• nzp_in. The new NZP bits (if the instruction writes the condition codes)
• dmem_we. A bit that indicates if the instruction writes memory
• dmem_addr. A value of the address accessed by a load or store
• dmem_value. A value that is written to memory (for stores) or read from memory (loads)

The Verilog test fixture test_lc4_processor.tf reads the .trace file, simulates the processor executing the .hex program instruction-by-instruction. When executing, it then compares the lc4_processor module interface signals to the corresponding fields in the trace file, allowing you to debug your implementation instruction by instruction.

The .hex file used to initialize the memory is specified in include/bram.v. Using a different .hex file requires editing the value of the MEMORY_IMAGE_FILE macro at the top of the memory module bram.v. This memory module is used both for simulation and for synthesis, so if you change it in one place it will affect the other.

The labfiles/ contain several tests, which we recommend you use to test your design in the following order:

• test_alu.trace
• test_br.trace
• test_mem.trace
• test_all.trace
• house.trace

The newest versions of PennSim.jar also allows loading of .hex files directly using the new "loadhex" command. Just type in "loadhex house.hex" in the command line, for example. This will let you single-step through the execution in PennSim during your debugging.

Creating Your Own Tests

The house.hex file was created on PennSim by first loading the object files (ld mcux and ld house) and then using the command: dump -readmemh x0000 xFFFF house.hex. The house.trace file was created on PennSim using the commands trace on house.trace, then break set OS_START, continue and then trace off. You can write your own tests and create your own memory images and trace files in a similar way. You'll need the most recent version of PennSim.jar.

Debugging using Board Single-Stepping

Depending on how you count the processor executes at either 100MHz or 25MHz, but either speed is too fast to debug. You can use the expansion board to put the processor into "single-stepping" mode. Switch 8 controls clock mode: up is "auto", down is "single-step". To step the clock one cycle forward, use the down button on the main board.

When single-stepping through the program, the other expansion board switches determine what value is displayed on the expansion board 7-segment display. What is display is determined by the code at the end of your processor module:

assign seven_segment_data = (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd0) ? pc :
                            (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd1) ? imem_out :
                            (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd2) ? dmem_addr :
                            (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd3) ? dmem_out :
                            (switch_data[6:0] == 7'd4) ? dmem_in :
                            /*else*/ 16'hDEAD;

For instance, when the switches are set to 0 (i.e., all switches down) the 7-segment display shows the value currently on the pc bus, i.e., the program counter. You can also expand this code to get additional debugging info.